| Non-Rationalised Civics / Political Science NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 6th to 12th) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Class 7th Civics NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)
1. On Equality
This chapter introduces the crucial concept of **equality** in Indian democracy. It explains that in a democracy, all citizens are considered equal regardless of their background, religion, caste, gender, or economic status. The chapter discusses various forms of inequality prevalent in Indian society and how the Constitution guarantees equality through provisions like Article 15, which prohibits discrimination. It highlights the importance of recognizing everyone's dignity and discusses how the government implements policies, such as the **mid-day meal scheme**, to promote equality and social justice for all citizens.
2. Role Of The Government In Health
This chapter focuses on the important **role of the government in providing healthcare** to its citizens, particularly in India. It discusses the right to health and the difference between public healthcare services (run by the government) and private healthcare services. The chapter highlights the challenges in accessing healthcare in India, such as unequal distribution of facilities, high costs of private treatment ($\textsf{₹}$), and lack of resources in rural areas. It emphasizes the government's responsibility to ensure equitable access to quality healthcare for all citizens, outlining efforts to improve public health infrastructure.
3. How The State Government Works
This chapter explains the functioning of the **State Government** in India. It discusses the role of the **Legislative Assembly** (Vidhan Sabha) and its members, the MLAs (Members of the Legislative Assembly), who are elected representatives. The chapter describes how MLAs represent their constituencies, participate in debates, and make laws for the state. It also explains the role of the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers in running the government and implementing policies. Understanding the state government's structure and working is essential for comprehending governance at the regional level in India.
4. Growing Up As Boys And Girls
This chapter explores how societal expectations and roles shape individuals as they grow up as **boys and girls**. It discusses how gender is not just a biological difference but a social construct, influenced by norms, values, and stereotypes prevalent in society, including India. The chapter highlights how boys and girls are often socialised differently, leading to variations in their expectations, opportunities, and the work they do. It encourages critical thinking about gender roles and challenging stereotypes that limit individuals based on their gender, promoting gender sensitivity and equality.
5. Women Change The World
This chapter highlights the contributions and struggles of **women** in bringing about social change and challenging inequalities globally and in India. It discusses how traditional gender roles have often limited women's opportunities, particularly in areas like education and work. The chapter showcases examples of women who have broken stereotypes, entered various professions, and played crucial roles in different fields. It also discusses **women's movements** and their efforts to gain equal rights, challenge discrimination, and advocate for justice, demonstrating how women actively participate in changing society and demanding their rightful place in the world.
6. Understanding Media
This chapter introduces the concept of **Media**, referring to various forms of communication that reach a large audience (e.g., newspapers, television, radio, internet). It discusses the important role of the media in a democracy, such as providing information, setting agendas for public discussion, and influencing public opinion. The chapter explores the importance of the media's independence and the challenges it faces, including censorship and media bias due to ownership or advertising revenue. Understanding the media's function and limitations is crucial for citizens to critically evaluate the information they receive and participate effectively in a democratic society.
7. Markets Around Us
This chapter introduces the concept of **markets** as places or systems where buyers and sellers interact to exchange goods and services. It discusses different types of markets we encounter in our daily lives, from local weekly markets and neighbourhood shops to large shopping complexes and online markets, all prevalent in India. The chapter explains how goods reach consumers through a chain of markets. It provides a basic understanding of how these markets function, the roles of different players (producers, traders, consumers), and how transactions occur, illustrating the economic exchanges that take place around us.
8. A Shirt In The Market
This chapter traces the journey of a simple commodity, **a shirt**, through the **market** chain, from its production as cotton in a village farm to its sale as a finished shirt in a market. It highlights the different stages and the various people involved in this chain – the cotton farmer, the ginner, the weaver, the garment exporter/factory owner, and the retailer. The chapter often illustrates how some people benefit more in this chain than others, revealing issues of exploitation faced by producers like farmers and workers, connecting agricultural production to urban markets and global trade, and showing how goods move in the economy, involving different levels of income ($\textsf{₹}$) generation.
9. Struggles For Equality
This chapter explores the **struggles for equality** by various groups in India who have experienced discrimination and inequality. It discusses movements by groups like the **Dalits**, **women**, **tribal people**, and other marginalized communities demanding equal rights and social justice. The chapter highlights the methods of struggle used by these groups, including protests, demonstrations, advocacy, and using legal and constitutional provisions. It emphasizes that achieving equality is an ongoing process that requires continuous efforts from both the government (through laws and policies) and active participation from citizens to challenge inequality and promote dignity for all in India.